With Audirvana your computer becomes a true high fidelity audio source. The audio playback becomes a priority on your computer, and your system (DAC) is fed with a ready-to-play audio data stream using the shortest possible path. Music Server(s):Mac Mini w/UpTone linear power supply JS-2, SoTM 200 w/LPS-1, AQ Diamond USB cable, Music Server Operating System:Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan, Roon, HQP, A+. USB Digital to Analog Converter(s):PS Audio DS Jr. W/UpTone Audio ReGen w/ LPS-1 Power Supply.
| Deutsche Version |
Conversion and calculation − cross section < > diameter
● Cable diameter to circle cross-sectional area
Bitperfect 3 0 1 0
and vice versa ●Round electric cable, conductor, wire, cord, string,wiring, and rope
| Cross section is just a two-dimensional view of a slice through an object. An often asked question: How can you convert the diameter of a round wire d = 2 × r to the circle cross section surface or the cross-section area A (slice plane) to the cable diameter d? Why is the diameter value greater than the area value? Because that's not the same. Resistance varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of a wire. The required cross-section of an electrical line depends on the following factors: 1) Rated voltage. Net form. (Three-phase (DS) / AC (WS)) 2) Fuse - Upstream backup = Maximum permissible current (Amp) 3) On schedule to be transmittedpower (kVA) 4) Cable length in meters (m) 5) Permissible voltage drop (% of the rated voltage) 6) Line material. Copper (Cu) or aluminum (Al) |
| The used browser does not support JavaScript. You will see the program but the function will not work. |
The 'unit' is usually millimeters but it can also be inches, feet, yards, meters (metres),
or centimeters, when you take for the area the square of that measure.
Litz wire (stranded wire) consisting of many thin wires need a 14 % larger diameter compared to a solid wire.
Cross section is an area. Diameter is a linear measure. That cannot be the same. The cable diameter in millimeters is not the cable cross-section in square millimeters. |
| The cross section or the cross sectional area is the area of such a cut. It need not necessarily have to be a circle. Commercially available wire (cable) size as cross sectional area: 0.75 mm2, 1.5 mm2, 2.5 mm2, 4 mm2, 6 mm2, 10 mm2, 16 mm2. |
r = radius of the wire or cable
d = 2 r = diameter of the wire or cable
Calculation of the diameter d = 2 r, entering the cross section A:
The conductor (electric cable)
| There are four factors that affect the resistance of a conductor: 1) the cross sectional area of a conductor A, calculated from the diameter d 2) the length of the conductor 3) the temperature in the conductor 4) the material constituting the conductor |
| There is no exact formula for the minimum wire size from the maximum amperage. It depends on many circumstances, such as for example, if the calculation is for DC, AC or even for three-phase current, whether the cable is released freely, or is placed under the ground. Also, it depends on the ambient temperature, the allowable current density, and the allowable voltage drop, and whether solid or litz wire is present. And there is always the nice but unsatisfactory advice to use for security reasons a thicker and hence more expensive cable. Common questions are about the voltage drop on wires. |
Voltage drop Δ V
The voltage drop formula with the specific resistance (resistivity) ρ (rho) is:
I = Current in ampere l = Wire (cable) length in meters (times 2, because there is always a return wire) ρ = rho, electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance or volume resistivity) of copper = 0.01724 ohm×mm2/m (also Ω×m) (Ohms for l = 1 m length and A = 1 mm2 cross section area of the wire)ρ = 1 / σ A = Cross section area in mm2 σ = sigma, electrical conductivity (electrical conductance) of copper = 58 S·m/mm2 |
|
The derived SI unit of electrical resistivity ρ is Ω ×m, shortened from the clear Ω ×mm² / m.
The reciprocal of electrical resistivity is electrical conductivity.
Electrical conductance and electrical resistance ρ = 1/κ = 1/σ
| Electrical conductor | Electrical conductivity Electrical conductance | Electrical resistivity Specific resistance |
| silver | σ = 62 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0161 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| copper | σ = 58 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0172 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| gold | σ= 41 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0244 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| aluminium | σ = 36 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.0277 Ohm∙mm²/m |
| constantan | σ= 2.0 S·m/mm² | ρ = 0.5000 Ohm∙mm²/m |
Difference between electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity
| The conductance in siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in ohms. |
| To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign. |
| The value of the electrical conductivity (conductance) and the specific electrical resistance (resistivity) is a temperature dependent material constant. Mostly it is given at 20 or 25°C. |
Resistance = resistivity x length / area
| The specific resistivity of conductors changes with temperature. In a limited temperature range it is approximately linear: where α is the temperature coefficient, T is the temperature and T0 is any temperature, such as T0 = 293.15 K = 20°C at which the electrical resistivity ρ (T0) is known. |
Convert resistance to electrical conductance
Conversion of reciprocal siemens to ohms
1 ohm [Ω] = 1 / siemens [1/S]
1 siemens [S] = 1 / ohm [1/Ω] Core temp.
| To use the calculator, simply enter a value. The calculator works in both directions of the ↔ sign. |
1 millisiemens = 0.001 mho = 1000 ohms Periscope pro 2 2 – powerful suite of surveillance apps.
| Mathematically, conductance is the reciprocal, or inverse, of resistance: The symbol for conductance is the capital letter 'G' and the unit is the mho, which is 'ohm' spelled backwards. Later, the unit mho was replaced by the unit Siemens − abbreviated with the letter 'S'. |
Table of typical loudspeaker cables
| Cable diameter d | 0.798 mm | 0.977 mm | 1.128 mm | 1.382 mm | 1.784 mm | 2.257 mm | 2.764 mm | 3.568 mm |
| Cable nominal cross section A | 0.5 mm2 | 0.75 mm2 | 1.0 mm2 | 1.5 mm2 | 2.5 mm2 | 4.0 mm2 | 6.0 mm2 | 10.0 mm2 |
| Maximum electrical current | 3 A | 7.6 A | 10.4 A | 13.5 A | 18.3 A | 25 A | 32 A | - |
Always consider, the cross section must be made larger with higher power and higher length of
the cable, but also with lesser impedance. Here is a table to tell the possible power loss.
| Cable length in m | Section in mm2 | Resistance in ohm | Power loss at | Damping factor at | ||
| Impedance 8 ohm | Impedance 4 ohm | Impedance 8 ohm | Impedance 4 ohm | |||
| 1 | 0.75 | 0.042 | 0.53% | 1.05% | 98 | 49 |
| 1.50 | 0.021 | 0.31% | 0.63% | 123 | 62 | |
| 2.50 | 0.013 | 0.16% | 0.33% | 151 | 75 | |
| 4.00 | 0.008 | 0.10% | 0.20% | 167 | 83 | |
| 2 | 0.75 | 0.084 | 1.06% | 2.10% | 65 | 33 |
| 1.50 | 0.042 | 0.62% | 1.26% | 85 | 43 | |
| 2.50 | 0.026 | 0.32% | 0.66% | 113 | 56 | |
| 4.00 | 0.016 | 0.20% | 0.40% | 133 | 66 | |
| 5 | 0.75 | 0.210 | 2.63% | 5.25% | 32 | 16 |
| 1.50 | 0.125 | 1.56% | 3.13% | 48 | 24 | |
| 2.50 | 0.065 | 0.81% | 1.63% | 76 | 38 | |
| 4.00 | 0.040 | 0.50% | 1.00% | 100 | 50 | |
| 10 | 0.75 | 0.420 | 5.25% | 10.50% | 17 | 9 |
| 1.50 | 0.250 | 3.13% | 6.25% | 28 | 14 | |
| 2.50 | 0.130 | 1.63% | 3.25% | 47 | 24 | |
| 4.00 | 0.080 | 1.00% | 2.00% | 67 | 33 | |
| 20 | 0.75 | 0.840 | 10.50% | 21.00% | 9 | 5 |
| 1.50 | 0.500 | 6.25% | 12.50% | 15 | 7 | |
| 2.50 | 0.260 | 3.25% | 6.50% | 27 | 13 | |
| 4.00 | 0.160 | 2.00% | 4.00% | 40 | 20 |
Bitperfect 3 0 15
The damping factor values show, what remains of an accepted damping factor of 200
depending on the cable length, the cross section, and the impedance of the loudspeaker.
Conversion and calculation of cable diameter to AWG
and AWG to cable diameter in mm - American Wire Gauge
| The gauges we most commonly use are even numbers, such as 18, 16, 14, etc. If you get an answer that is odd, such as 17, 19, etc., use the next lower even number. AWG stands for American Wire Gauge and refers to the strength of wires. These AWG numbers show the diameter and accordingly the cross section as a code. They are only used in the USA. Sometimes you find AWG numbers also in catalogues and technical data in Europe. |
American Wire Gauge - AWG Chart
| AWG number | 46 | 45 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 39 | 38 | 37 | 36 | 35 | 34 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diameter in inch | 0.0016 | 0.0018 | 0.0020 | 0.0022 | 0.0024 | 0.0027 | 0.0031 | 0.0035 | 0.0040 | 0.0045 | 0.0050 | 0.0056 | 0.0063 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.0013 | 0.0016 | 0.0020 | 0.0025 | 0.0029 | 0.0037 | 0.0049 | 0.0062 | 0.0081 | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.016 | 0.020 |
| AWG number | 33 | 32 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 25 | 24 | 23 | 22 | 21 |
| Diameter in inch | 0.0071 | 0.0079 | 0.0089 | 0.0100 | 0.0113 | 0.0126 | 0.0142 | 0.0159 | 0.0179 | 0.0201 | 0.0226 | 0.0253 | 0.0285 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.72 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.026 | 0.032 | 0.040 | 0.051 | 0.065 | 0.080 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.41 |
| AWG number | 20 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 |
| Diameter in inch | 0.0319 | 0.0359 | 0.0403 | 0.0453 | 0.0508 | 0.0571 | 0.0641 | 0.0719 | 0.0808 | 0.0907 | 0.1019 | 0.1144 | 0.1285 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 0.81 | 0.91 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 1.29 | 1.45 | 1.63 | 1.83 | 2.05 | 2.30 | 2.59 | 2.91 | 3.26 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 0.52 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 8.4 |
| AWG number | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 (1/0) (0) | 00 (2/0) (-1) | 000 (3/0) (-2) | 0000 (4/0) (-3) | 00000 (5/0) (-4) | 000000 (6/0) (-5) |
| Diameter in inch | 0.1443 | 0.1620 | 0.1819 | 0.2043 | 0.2294 | 0.2576 | 0.2893 | 0.3249 | 0.3648 | 0.4096 | 0.4600 | 0.5165 | 0.5800 |
| Diameter (Ø) in mm | 3.67 | 4.11 | 4.62 | 5.19 | 5.83 | 6.54 | 7.35 | 8.25 | 9.27 | 10.40 | 11.68 | 13.13 | 14.73 |
| Cross section in mm2 | 10.6 | 13.3 | 16.8 | 21.1 | 26.7 | 33.6 | 42.4 | 53.5 | 67.4 | 85.0 | 107.2 | 135.2 | 170.5 |
Bitperfect 3 0 12
| back | Search Engine | home |
BitPerfect is that rarest of audio gems. Designed above all else for uncompromising audiophile quality, it is probably the lowest-cost high-end audio product you will ever buy. Adobe character animator 2020 3 11. It allows you to use iTunes as your primary music management tool. Whenever you ask iTunes to play a music file, BitPerfect steps in behind the scenes and takes over. BitPerfect is so simple to use that most of the time you won't even know it's there. Even non-audiophiles love its simplicity.
Back in the heyday of Vinyl, it took decades for the industry to grasp the fundamental importance of the turntable in the playback chain, and to learn to design and manufacture turntables of true audiophile quality. The same is true today of the computers which are overwhelmingly emerging as the music source of choice for audiophiles. If we are to expect computers to deliver the ultimate in audio performance, then we ought to design them from the ground up for that precise purpose. Today that remains, for most practical purposes, a distant goal. But we can make some significant strides in the area of software, and BitPerfect is one of those strides.
Bitperfect 3 0 18
Most computer experts will state categorically that provided it sends the correct digital data to your DAC, there is nothing more that the computer can contribute to sound quality. In their view data is data, and computers are well understood in their ability to exchange massive quantities of data without managing to get a single bit wrong. However, at BitPerfect we have discovered what a number of audiophiles are also beginning to understand – that how you manage audio playback in the software domain, even while maintaining 'bit perfect' data performance, actually has a significant audible impact on sound quality. https://bulog.over-blog.com/2021/01/ms-photoshop-for-windows-10.html. BitPerfect's proprietary 64-bit audio engine has been designed for one sole purpose, and accepts no compromises in delivering what we believe is unsurpassable audio quality from the Mac platform.
Beyond its audio engine, BitPerfect provides a number of additional features that we consider essential to audiophile playback. First, it isolates the music output directed to the audio DAC from all of the beeps and burps that computers seem to insist on producing from time to time. These instead are directed to the computer's sound card (or wherever else you want them sent). This so-called ‘Hog Mode' means that only the music you select to play – and absolutely nothing else – is played back through your hi-fi system. Second, BitPerfect automatically recognizes and handles the audio stream's bit-depth and sample rate, and performs any conversions that may be necessary for your DAC to play the music – even if iTunes can't. Third, BitPerfect supports ‘Integer Mode' playback, which many audiophiles believe is the most accurate playback mode of all, provided your DAC supports it, and only if your Mac is running Snow Leopard (or until Integer Mode is supported under Lion/Mountain Lion). Finally, BitPerfect loads your music files into high-speed RAM memory and plays them from there, eliminating file I/O during playback.
We are confident that BitPerfect will provide you with the best audiophile quality sound source available in Computer Audio, and all for less than the cost of a compact disc. If you are serious about music playback, you owe it to yourself to check it out. Pdf opener pc. BitPerfect runs on the Mac platform only, and is only available directly from the Mac App Store (click Here.).
